PowerPoint Presentation

The Historical past of Dialysis

Dr. Willem Kolff is taken into account the daddy ofdialysis. This younger Dutch doctor constructed the primary dialyzer (synthetic kidney) in 1943.He handled few pts however little success in 1945 he handled a uremic coma pt after 11 hrs of dialysis and lived for an additional 7 yrs

Dialysis is aprocessof eradicating waste and extra water from thebloodto present a man-made substitute for lostkidneyfunction.

Dialysis works on the ideas of thediffusionof solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid throughout a semi-permeable membrane.

Hemodialysis removes wastes and water by circulating blood exterior the physique by way of an exterior filter, referred to as a dialyzer, that comprises a semipermeable membrane.

Mechanisms of Solute TransportDiffusionOsmosisReverse OsmosisUltrafiltrationConvection

Diffusion Molecules in resolution will unfold as evenly as attainable in an outlined house

Solutes will transfer down a focus gradient from an space of upper focus to an space of decrease focus

Osmosis The motion of water by way of a membrane from a better to a decrease water focus space.

Osmosis happens between two options separated by a membrane non-permeable to the solutes.

Ultrafiltration The motion of a fluid throughout a semi-permeable membrane attributable to a strain gradient.

The strain gradient will be: A constructive strain (“push”) A detrimental strain (“suck”) or osmosis .

Sorts of Dialysis

Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)

PD Exit website and catheter care Preparation of affected person Preparation for dialysis Catheter Exit website care/dressing Flushing of catheter ( new)

PET Peritoneal Equlibrium Check)

HEMODIALYSIS

Vascular AccessBlood will be eliminated cleaned and returned to the physique at charges between 200 800ml/mt

First – an ACCESS should be established

Very best Vascular Entry A perfect vascular entry would provideEase of creationReady to make use of when neededEasy upkeep with repetitive useAdequate blood stream to ship prescribed dialysis doseLong life with out complication of an infection and thrombosis

Entry for HD Blood to be filtered Entry to Blood vessel Artery or Vein 1. Subclavian, inside Jugular and Femoral CATHETERS

2. Arteriovenous (AV) GRAFT for hemodialysis3. Arteriovenous (AV) FISTULA for hemodialysis

Catheters Fast entry double lumen or multi-lumen catheter into SC, inside Jugular or femoral vein Dangers : hematoma. Pneumothorax, an infection, thrombosis of SC vein . Insufficient stream Can use for a number of weeks One other everlasting entry created

Arteriovenous (AV) Graft

(Completed when pts personal vessels usually are not appropriate for fistula Eg Diabetes)An arteriovenous (AV) graft is created by connecting a vein to an artery utilizing a mushy Artificial tube.(polytertrafluroethylene (PTFE) Forearm, higher arm or higher thigh)After the graft has healed, HD is completed by inserting two needles-one within the arterial aspect and one within the venous aspect of the graft. The graft permits for elevated blood stream. Grafts have a tendency to wish consideration and maintenance. Taking excellent care of your entry might restrict issues

AV GRAFT

PTFE GraftAdvantagesCan be needled shortly after formationVascular entry in sufferers who would possibly in any other case require dialysis catheters

DisadvantagesRisk of infectionThrombosis Over time might develop arduous to needle areas

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Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula A fistula is created direct connecting of an artery to a vein. As soon as the fistula is created it’s a pure a part of the physique. Most most well-liked entry -once the fistula correctly matures and will get greater and stronger; it gives an entry with good blood stream that may final for many years

It may possibly take weeks to months beforethe fistulamatures and is prepared for use for hemodialysis Workout routines together with squeezing a rubber ball to strengthen the fistula earlier than use.

Creating AVF

Standards for profitable AVF formation Previous to creation

Arterial diameter 2 -3.5mm Minimal of 2mm suggested to lower danger of failureVenous diameter 2.5mm with tourniquet for AVF

A fistula is the Gold normal because—-It has a decrease danger of an infection than grafts or cathetersIt has a decrease tendency to clot than grafts or cathetersIt permits for better blood stream, rising the effectiveness of hemodialysis in addition to decreasing remedy timeIt stays useful for longer than different entry sorts; in some instances a well-formed fistula can final for decadesFistulas are often cheaper to keep up than artificial accesses

Fistula care–Cleanliness

Cleanliness is a technique somebody on hemodialysis can hold their fistula uninfected. Maintain an eye fixed out for infections—-> ache, tenderness, swelling or redness round the entry space

Good needle sticks

The ladder and the buttonhole strategies, .The ladder approach – stick the fistula in a unique place alongside the size of the fistula each time. That is referred to as climbing, ( it saves from weakening a sure space by repeatedly sticking it. It additionally gives time for the puncture website to heal)

The buttonhole approach. – needle sticks are restricted to at least one website, which is used repeatedly. Greatest for one nurse /self pricking By going into the entry on the identical depth and angle in the identical spot the entry has fewer traumas. Scar tissue will develop on the stick website making it simpler and fewer painful to insert the needle. This system is often most well-liked by individuals who stick themselves

Monitoring . Publish creation, every dialysis all through the life of the entry

Bodily examination ( look, pay attention, really feel) to detect bodily indicators of dysfunction or lack of patency

Dialysis clearance ,recirculation and pressures

Presence of scientific proof of dysfunction (Troublesome cannulation, extended bleeding after dialysis, swelling of the extremity, aneurysm formation)

AVF Preliminary evaluationShould be executed at 4 weeks after creation to guage maturity and growth

Rule of 6s for maturity 6mm diameter 6mm or much less in depth 6cm straight phase for cannulation 600ml/min blood stream

Routine AV entry monitoring Begins with a great historical past!!!Prior central venous catheters, pacemakers , CABG, mastectomy, neck surgerySwelling of arm, neck or breast / chestProlonged bleeding, extravasationFrequent clottingDifficulty with needle placement, aspirating clotsPresence of dilated collaterals, aneurysmsClotting danger elements

Clotting danger elements:Stenosis essential contributory issue to clottingHypotensionPoor arterial stream (vascular illness/surgical drawback)Raised haemoglobin stage >120g/LGenetic thrombophiliasOther recommendations: antiocardiolipin antibody (SLE), excessive LDL, excessive ldl cholesterol, diabetes, radiocephalic fistula, earlier clotting episode

Central vein StenosisCaused by prior central venous traces Possible if vital arm oedema develops following fistula formationWhile arm swelling is widespread following entry surgical procedure, an underlying venous outflow drawback extra probably if it persists past two weeksCentral vein also can turn out to be incompetent leading to chronically elevated venous pressures

BLEEDINGBleeding may be very uncommon after AVF creation dispite the platlet dysfunction related to renal failure.Persistant oozing from small cutaneous vessels happens sometimes and might often be stopped by intradermal injection of 1 – 2% lignocaine with adrenaline.If this fails an additional suture could also be required.

Aneurysm Threat factorsOver needling of a number of areas

Fistula age the longer it has been cannulated the better the chance of an aneurysm creating

Excessive intra-AVF pressures, i.e. in excessive stream AVF or the place stenosis exists

Collateral veins

Bodily ExaminationThis is essential for monitoring Look Hear FeelShould be executed earlier than each use!Correct information of the evaluation and the continuing plan of entry administration

PULSE – indicator of downstream (ante grade) resistanceSoft / compressible = Low resistance, no stenosisHard /agency vessel throughout palpation = Excessive resistance, stenosis current(Depth of the hyper-pulsatile pulse is proportional to the severity of the stenosis)ARTERIAL INFLOW (Diploma of elevated pulse depth is proportional to arterial influx strain. Detects anastomotic stenosis, stenosis of the feeding artery, drawback with arterial influx)

ANASTOMOSIS EXAMINATIONTHRILL (indicator of stream) Sturdy = Good stream Weak = Poor Move

Thrill felt throughout Systole & Diastole (Biphasic) = Good Move Thrill throughout Systole ONLY = downstream (antegrade) stenosis = PULSE

Ischemia: Scientific IndicatorsPain and coldness in AVF handNecrosis of fingertipsSteal syndrome principally happens quickly after AVF formation however about 25% of all instances happen months or years put up surgical procedure

Stage 4 Steal Syndrome

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A. Steal syndrome with painful necrotic ulceration of the center finger.(B) Stage 4 steal syndrome .(Diabetic ) Easy take a look at presence of a weak or absent RADIAL pulse which normalises on compression of the fistula

Physique of fistula Examination

Palpate total size of AVF. Examine to different arm/legCheck for indicators and signs of an infection redness, heat, swelling,