Thermal Conductivity of some chosen Supplies and Gases
Thermal conductivity is a fabric property that describes skill to conduct warmth. Thermal conductivity could be outlined as
“the amount of warmth transmitted by a unit thickness of a fabric – in a path regular to a floor of unit space – because of a unit temperature gradient underneath regular state circumstances”
Thermal conductivity models are [W/(m K)] within the SI system and [Btu/(hr ft °F)] within the Imperial system.
See additionally thermal conductivity variations with temperature and strain, for: Air, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide and Water
Thermal conductivity for frequent supplies and merchandise:
| Thermal Conductivity – okay – W/(m Ok) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Materials/Substance | Temperature | ||
| 25 oC (77 oF) |
125 oC (257 oF) |
225 oC (437 oF) |
|
| Acetals | 0.23 | ||
| Acetone | 0.16 | ||
| Acetylene (fuel) | 0.018 | ||
| Acrylic | 0.2 | ||
| Air, environment (fuel) | 0.0262 | 0.0333 | 0.0398 |
| Air, elevation 10000 m | 0.020 | ||
| Agate | 10.9 | ||
| Alcohol | 0.17 | ||
| Alumina | 36 | 26 | |
| Aluminum | |||
| Aluminum Brass | 121 | ||
| Aluminum Oxide | 30 | ||
| Ammonia (fuel) | 0.0249 | 0.0369 | 0.0528 |
| Antimony | 18.5 | ||
| Apple (85.6% moisture) | 0.39 | ||
| Argon (fuel) | 0.016 | ||
| Asbestos-cement board 1) | 0.744 | ||
| Asbestos-cement sheets 1) | 0.166 | ||
| Asbestos-cement 1) | 2.07 | ||
| Asbestos, loosely packed 1) | 0.15 | ||
| Asbestos mill board 1) | 0.14 | ||
| Asphalt | 0.75 | ||
| Balsa wooden | 0.048 | ||
| Bitumen | 0.17 | ||
| Bitumen/felt layers | 0.5 | ||
| Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture) | 0.43 – 0.48 | ||
| Benzene | 0.16 | ||
| Beryllium | |||
| Bismuth | 8.1 | ||
| Bitumen | 0.17 | ||
| Blast furnace fuel (fuel) | 0.02 | ||
| Boiler scale | 1.2 – 3.5 | ||
| Boron | 25 | ||
| Brass | |||
| Breeze block | 0.10 – 0.20 | ||
| Brick dense | 1.31 | ||
| Brick, hearth | 0.47 | ||
| Brick, insulating | 0.15 | ||
| Brickwork, frequent (Constructing Brick) | 0.6 -1.0 | ||
| Brickwork, dense | 1.6 | ||
| Bromine (fuel) | 0.004 | ||
| Bronze | |||
| Brown iron ore | 0.58 | ||
| Butter (15% moisture content material) | 0.20 | ||
| Cadmium | |||
| Calcium silicate | 0.05 | ||
| Carbon | 1.7 | ||
| Carbon dioxide (fuel) | 0.0146 | ||
| Carbon monoxide | 0.0232 | ||
| Forged iron | |||
| Cellulose, cotton, wooden pulp and regenerated | 0.23 | ||
|
Cellulose acetate, molded, sheet |
0.17 – 0.33 | ||
| Cellulose nitrate, celluloid | 0.12 – 0.21 | ||
| Cement, Portland | 0.29 | ||
| Cement, mortar | 1.73 | ||
| Ceramic supplies | |||
| Chalk | 0.09 | ||
| Charcoal | 0.084 | ||
| Chlorinated poly-ether | 0.13 | ||
| Chlorine (fuel) | 0.0081 | ||
| Chrome Nickel Metal | 16.3 | ||
| Chromium | |||
| Chrom-oxide | 0.42 | ||
| Clay, dry to moist | 0.15 – 1.8 | ||
| Clay, saturated | 0.6 – 2.5 | ||
| Coal | 0.2 | ||
| Cobalt | |||
| Cod (83% moisture content material) | 0.54 | ||
| Coke | 0.184 | ||
| Concrete, light-weight | 0.1 – 0.3 | ||
| Concrete, medium | 0.4 – 0.7 | ||
| Concrete, dense | 1.0 – 1.8 | ||
| Concrete, stone | 1.7 | ||
| Constantan | 23.3 | ||
| Copper | |||
| Corian (ceramic crammed) | 1.06 | ||
| Cork board | 0.043 | ||
| Cork, re-granulated | 0.044 | ||
| Cork | 0.07 | ||
| Cotton | 0.04 | ||
| Cotton wool | 0.029 | ||
| Carbon Metal | |||
| Cotton Wool insulation | 0.029 | ||
| Cupronickel 30% | 30 | ||
| Diamond | 1000 | ||
| Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) | 0.06 | ||
| Diatomite | 0.12 | ||
| Duralium | |||
| Earth, dry | 1.5 | ||
| Ebonite | 0.17 | ||
| Emery | 11.6 | ||
| Engine Oil | 0.15 | ||
| Ethane (fuel) | 0.018 | ||
| Ether | 0.14 | ||
| Ethylene (fuel) | 0.017 | ||
| Epoxy | 0.35 | ||
| Ethylene glycol | 0.25 | ||
| Feathers | 0.034 | ||
| Felt insulation | 0.04 | ||
| Fiberglass | 0.04 | ||
| Fiber insulating board | 0.048 | ||
| Fiber hardboard | 0.2 | ||
| Hearth-clay brick 500oC | 1.4 | ||
| Fluorine (fuel) | 0.0254 | ||
| Foam glass | 0.045 | ||
| Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (fuel) | 0.007 | ||
| Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (liquid) | 0.09 | ||
| Gasoline | 0.15 | ||
| Glass | 1.05 | ||
| Glass, Pearls, dry | 0.18 | ||
| Glass, Pearls, saturated | 0.76 | ||
| Glass, window | 0.96 | ||
| Glass, wool Insulation | 0.04 | ||
| Glycerol | 0.28 | ||
| Gold | |||
| Granite | 1.7 – 4.0 | ||
| Graphite | 168 | ||
| Gravel | 0.7 | ||
| Floor or soil, very moist space | 1.4 | ||
| Floor or soil, moist space | 1.0 | ||
| Floor or soil, dry space | 0.5 | ||
| Floor or soil, very dry space | 0.33 | ||
| Gypsum board | 0.17 | ||
| Hairfelt | 0.05 | ||
| Hardboard excessive density | 0.15 | ||
| Hardwoods (oak, maple..) | 0.16 | ||
| Hastelloy C | 12 | ||
| Helium (fuel) | 0.142 | ||
| Honey (12.6% moisture content material) | 0.5 | ||
| Hydrochloric acid (fuel) | 0.013 | ||
| Hydrogen (fuel) | 0.168 | ||
| Hydrogen sulfide (fuel) | 0.013 | ||
| Ice (0oC, 32oF) | 2.18 | ||
| Inconel | 15 | ||
| Ingot iron | 47 – 58 | ||
| Insulation supplies | 0.035 – 0.16 | ||
| Iodine | 0.44 | ||
| Iridium | 147 | ||
| Iron | |||
| Iron-oxide | 0.58 | ||
| Kapok insulation | 0.034 | ||
| Kerosene | 0.15 | ||
| Krypton (fuel) | 0.0088 | ||
| Lead | |||
| Leather-based, dry | 0.14 | ||
| Limestone | 1.26 – 1.33 | ||
| Lithium | |||
| Magnesia insulation (85%) | 0.07 | ||
| Magnesite | 4.15 | ||
| Magnesium | |||
| Magnesium alloy | 70 – 145 | ||
| Marble | 2.08 – 2.94 | ||
| Mercury, liquid | |||
| Methane (fuel) | 0.030 | ||
| Methanol | 0.21 | ||
| Mica | 0.71 | ||
| Milk | 0.53 | ||
| Mineral wool insulation supplies, wool blankets .. | 0.04 | ||
| Molybdenum | |||
| Monel | |||
| Neon (fuel) | 0.046 | ||
| Neoprene | 0.05 | ||
| Nickel | |||
| Nitric oxide (fuel) | 0.0238 | ||
| Nitrogen (fuel) | 0.024 | ||
| Nitrous oxide (fuel) | 0.0151 | ||
| Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6 | 0.25 | ||
| Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50 | 0.15 | ||
| Olive oil | 0.17 | ||
| Oxygen (fuel) | 0.024 | ||
| Palladium | 70.9 | ||
| Paper | 0.05 | ||
| Paraffin Wax | 0.25 | ||
| Peat | 0.08 | ||
| Perlite, atmospheric strain | 0.031 | ||
| Perlite, vacuum | 0.00137 | ||
| Phenolic forged resins | 0.15 | ||
| Phenol-formaldehyde moulding compounds | 0.13 – 0.25 | ||
| Phosphorbronze | 110 | ||
| Pinchbeck | 159 | ||
| Pitch | 0.13 | ||
| Pit coal | 0.24 | ||
| Plaster gentle | 0.2 | ||
| Plaster, steel lath | 0.47 | ||
| Plaster, sand | 0.71 | ||
| Plaster, wooden lath | 0.28 | ||
| Plasticine | 0.65 – 0.8 | ||
| Plastics, foamed (insulation supplies) | 0.03 | ||
| Platinum | |||
| Plutonium | |||
| Plywood | 0.13 | ||
| Polycarbonate | 0.19 | ||
| Polyester | 0.05 | ||
| Polyethylene low density, PEL | 0.33 | ||
| Polyethylene excessive density, PEH | 0.42 – 0.51 | ||
| Polyisoprene pure rubber | 0.13 | ||
| Polyisoprene onerous rubber | 0.16 | ||
| Polymethylmethacrylate | 0.17 – 0.25 | ||
| Polypropylene, PP | 0.1 – 0.22 | ||
| Polystyrene, expanded | 0.03 | ||
| Polystyrol | 0.043 | ||
| Polyurethane foam | 0.03 | ||
| Porcelain | 1.5 | ||
| Potassium | 1 | ||
| Potato, uncooked flesh | 0.55 | ||
| Propane (fuel) | 0.015 | ||
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | 0.25 | ||
| Polyvinylchloride, PVC | 0.19 | ||
| Pyrex glass | 1.005 | ||
| Quartz mineral | 3 | ||
| Radon (fuel) | 0.0033 | ||
| Pink steel | |||
| Rhenium | |||
| Rhodium | |||
| Rock, strong | 2 – 7 | ||
| Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) | 0.5 – 2.5 | ||
| Rock Wool insulation | 0.045 | ||
| Rosin | 0.32 | ||
| Rubber, mobile | 0.045 | ||
| Rubber, pure | 0.13 | ||
| Rubidium | |||
| Salmon (73% moisture content material) | 0.50 | ||
| Sand, dry | 0.15 – 0.25 | ||
| Sand, moist | 0.25 – 2 | ||
| Sand, saturated | 2 – 4 | ||
| Sandstone | 1.7 | ||
| Sawdust | 0.08 | ||
| Selenium | |||
| Sheep wool | 0.039 | ||
| Silica aerogel | 0.02 | ||
| Silicon forged resin | 0.15 – 0.32 | ||
| Silicon carbide | 120 | ||
| Silicon oil | 0.1 | ||
| Silver | |||
| Slag wool | 0.042 | ||
| Slate | 2.01 | ||
| Snow (temp < 0oC) | 0.05 – 0.25 | ||
| Sodium | |||
| Softwoods (fir, pine ..) | 0.12 | ||
| Soil, clay | 1.1 | ||
| Soil, with natural matter | 0.15 – 2 | ||
| Soil, saturated | 0.6 – 4 | ||
|
Solder 50-50 |
50 | ||
|
Soot |
0.07 | ||
|
Steam, saturated |
0.0184 | ||
| Steam, low strain | 0.0188 | ||
| Steatite | 2 | ||
| Metal, Carbon | |||
| Metal, Stainless | |||
| Straw slab insulation, compressed | 0.09 | ||
| Styrofoam | 0.033 | ||
| Sulfur dioxide (fuel) | 0.0086 | ||
| Sulfur, crystal | 0.2 | ||
| Sugars | 0.087 – 0.22 | ||
| Tantalum | |||
| Tar | 0.19 | ||
| Tellurium | 4.9 | ||
| Thorium | |||
| Timber, alder | 0.17 | ||
| Timber, ash | 0.16 | ||
| Timber, birch | 0.14 | ||
| Timber, larch | 0.12 | ||
| Timber, maple | 0.16 | ||
| Timber, oak | 0.17 | ||
| Timber, pitchpine | 0.14 | ||
| Timber, pockwood | 0.19 | ||
| Timber, pink beech | 0.14 | ||
| Timber, pink pine | 0.15 | ||
| Timber, white pine | 0.15 | ||
| Timber, walnut | 0.15 | ||
| Tin | |||
| Titanium | |||
| Tungsten | |||
| Uranium | |||
| Urethane foam | 0.021 | ||
| Vacuum | 0 | ||
| Vermiculite granules | 0.065 | ||
| Vinyl ester | 0.25 | ||
| Water | 0.606 | ||
| Water, vapor (steam) | 0.0267 | 0.0359 | |
| Wheat flour | 0.45 | ||
| White steel | 35 – 70 | ||
| Wooden throughout the grain, white pine | 0.12 | ||
| Wooden throughout the grain, balsa | 0.055 | ||
| Wooden throughout the grain, yellow pine, timber | 0.147 | ||
| Wooden, oak | 0.17 | ||
| Wool, felt | 0.07 | ||
| Wooden wool, slab | 0.1 – 0.15 | ||
| Xenon (fuel) | 0.0051 | ||
| Zinc | |||
1) Asbestos is dangerous for human well being when the tiny abrasive fibers are inhaled into the lungs the place they will injury the lung tissue. This appears to be exacerbated by cigarette smoking and the ensuing ailments are mesothelioma and lung most cancers.
Instance – Conductive Warmth Switch by an Aluminum Pot versus a Stainless Metal Pot
The conductive warmth switch by a pot wall could be calculated as
q = (okay / s) A dT (1)
or alternatively
q / A = (okay / s) dT
the place
q = warmth switch (W, Btu/h)
A = floor space (m2, ft2)
q / A = warmth switch per unit space (W/m2, Btu/(h ft2))
okay = thermal conductivity (W/mK, Btu/(hr ft °F))
dT = t1 – t2 = temperature distinction (oC, oF)
s = wall thickness (m, ft)
Conductive Warmth Switch Calculator
okay = thermal conductivity (W/mK, Btu/(hr ft °F))
s = wall thickness (m, ft)
A = floor space (m2, ft2)
dT = t1 – t2 = temperature distinction (oC, oF)
Be aware! – that the general warmth switch by a floor is set by the “general warmth switch coefficient” – which along with conductive warmth switch – is dependent upon
Conductive Warmth Switch by an Aluminum Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm – temperature distinction 80oC
Thermal conductivity for aluminum is 215 W/(m Ok) (from the desk above). Conductive warmth switch per unit space could be calculated as
q / A = [(215 W/(m K)) / (2 10-3 m)] (80 oC)
= 8600000 (W/m2)
= 8600 (kW/m2)
Conductive Warmth Switch by a Stainless Metal Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm – temperature distinction 80oC
Thermal conductivity for stainless-steel is 17 W/(m Ok) (from the desk above). Conductive warmth switch per unit space could be calculated as
q / A = [(17 W/(m K)) / (2 10-3 m)] (80 oC)
= 680000 (W/m2)
= 680 (kW/m2)